The Usefulness of Functionalism for an Understanding of the Family Essa

The Usefulness of Functionalism for an Understanding of the Family Functionalists focus on the roles of the family as an institution and its interaction with other institutions, such as the ratio of functions the family has to perform compared to those that other institutions such as schools and the NHS perform. Functionalism sees the use of the family in society and how it can take pressure from the government by becoming an almost dependent institution that will help support its own members. George Murdock analysed 250 societies and studied the purpose of the family, he came up with a final definition; that the family performs several main functions. These functions help the individuals within the family; Murdock believed the functions are sexual, educational, economic and reproductive. However, Murdock did not consider that the family may have a detrimental affect on members of the family as he seemed to assume that all families are harmonious and do not have any arguments or problems. He also overlooked alterna...

How Rich Countries Got Rich and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor Essay

How Rich Countries Got Rich and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor By Erik S. Reinert The book How Rich Countries Got Rich and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor is written by Erik S. Reinert and it is published in 2007. Reinert is a 62-year-old Norwegian economist who specializes in development economics and economic history (Wikipedia). Reinert attended the University of St. Gallen in Switzerland (where he studied economics), Harvard University for MBA, and Cornell University for Ph.D.(Wikipedia). In addition to How Rich Countries Got Rich and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor, Reinert has written six books which focus around the theory of uneven development and the history of economic thought and policy (Wikipedia). Reinert is not only an eminent scholar in his field, but also a distinguished entrepreneur. In 1972 he founded a small industrial firm that did color sampling to the paint and automotive industries. Later he developed the firm and added production plants in Norway and Finland, and by the time he sold it in 1991, the company had become the largest of its kind in Eu rope (Wikipedia). Reinert is influenced by Friedrich List and it shows in his piece. Reinert suggests that â€Å"globalization would have been a positive-sum game for all countries if the world has taken Friedrich List’s path to economic integration† (Reinert, 161.). Friedrich has developed his own theory about the timing of tariffs and free trade, and the sequence basically goes like this: (1) a period of free trade for all nations (2) a period when small states protect and build their own industries (4) a period when all countries establish their own competitive industrial sectors (Reinert, 161.).After going through all the above steps, it’s time to open for global free trade and globalization will benefit the poor nations as well as the rich ones. Based on Reinert’s education level, the amount of research and publication he has done in the field of uneven development and his work experience, it can be concluded that Reinert is both qualified educationally and by experience to write this book. How Rich Countries Got Rich and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor is Reinert’s most recent English-language book and his purpose of writing this book is to find out the causes of poverty and to explain the mechanisms that produce the huge gap between the rich and the poor. He looks through the economic history of the past 500 hundred years and concludes the economic structure that most rich countries follow faithfully and eventually make them rich: industrialization policies first, free trade second. Once the rich countries become rich (e.g. the European countries), the type of economic understanding employed by them during their transition from poor to rich dies and they comes up with the completely different standard economics (abstract â€Å"high† theories) for export to poor countries. As a consequence, the standard economics, such as the Washington Consensus, proves to be damaging to poor countries and makes them even poorer. It can be observed that the rich countries were those who emulated the leading industrial nations, such as the United Kingdom, into â€Å"the Age of Industry† (Reinert, 123.) Industrialization is the very first step towards success. With the effect of increasing returns and specialization, the benefit of industrialization goes much further. Industrialized countries take all the jobs that require high skills and technology, while the jobs industrialized countries can no longer mechanize or innovate further, such as straightening of the wire, are farmed out to the non-industrialized countries (Reinert, 39.) Rich countries produce mechanizable products while poor countries can only produce non-mechanizable ones and it explains why no country is able to get rich by only producing raw materials (Reinert, 134.). An industrial sector is essential for a country to become rich. As time zips by, technology and increasing returns, which are main sources of economic power, create economic barriers to entry and make it even more difficult for poor countries to catch up (Reinert, 40.). Rich countries specialize in the right economic activities also develop economic scale and as a consequence, more labor is needed to perform the tasks and the cost of each unit of product falls (Reinert, 40.). Workers are paid more and the things they buy cost less. Both outcomes reflect the two ways to raise the standard of  living: to receive higher wages or to lower the prices of goods (Reinert, 131.). On the other side, rich countries force the conclusions of standard economic policies which they would not apply at home, upon the poor nations that are under their wings, such as keeping the colonies as pure suppliers of raw materials (Reinert, 39.). The rhetoric-reality gap plays an important role in keeping poor countries poor. Another factor that is crucial to the poor nations is the timing of opening up of an economy because free trade tends to destroy the most efficient industries in the least efficient countries (Reinert, 251.). Most rich countries are industrialized before the free trade, so that when they enter the market, they are capable to compete with other countries and get the maximum benefits from globalization but for poor nations, the free trade is like adding frost to snow. In conclusion, Reinert sees the wealth as a result of industrialization, together with other factors such as increasing returns, synergies and he blames poverty for deindustrialization, and the wrong timing of free trade. In general, I agree with Reinert’s opinion that industrialization and the timely free trade policy are the keys to wealth. The development path of China can be a perfect example for this. China was very prosperous during the Tang dynasty, and many western countries sent scholars all the way to China to learn from its success. But during the Qing dynasty, the government chose the policy of isolation and it destroyed the economic development of China. The Qing government restricted the external transport and foreign trade. Imported goods were heavily taxed. The variety and quantity of exported goods were limited as well. China isolated itself from others while many western competitors were in the process of industrialization. Many industrialized western nations were seeking new territories and the deindustrialized China without any advanced arms naturally became their target. Effortlessly, their machine guns bombed the â€Å"locked† country. After that, China learned lessons and started to choose economic structure carefully. Instead of following the immediate economic integration, China followed the Marshall Plan whose goal is to reindustrialize. Fortunately, China chose the right economic structure this time and it was used as proof of the excellence of globalization while Russia, a country faithfully followed the advice given by the World Bank and IMF, experienced disastrous  consequences (Reinert, 118.). Although China has gone back to the right track, but the fact that China is a developing country instead of a developed country demonstrates that the scar caused by the mistaken choice of economic policy and deindustrialization hasn’t healed. The story of China shows the consequences of failing to recognize the importance of industrialization and timely free trade. The failure explains why poor countries are poor and the presently weal thy countries are those who embrace the industrialization and capitalism. Generally speaking, the book is well written. Reinert organizes the book by using sub headings to separate the content and drawing examples from the economic history to support his theories, which make the book more understandable and reliable. There are only a few graphics, a bibliography and a very long appendix at the end, suggesting there are a lot of facts and in-depth research behind the book. The only problem that I have with this book is the repetitiveness of theories. Reinert is very focused on his theme but sometimes he tends to overemphasize it by repeating the similar theories in different chapters. I would recommend the book to readers who have a particular interest in the topic of equalization, or the gap between the rich and the poor. Reinert discusses a lot of highly controversial subjects and people would want to find out the answers. Bibliography S. Reinert, Erik, How Rich Countries Got Rich and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor, London: Constable & Robinson Ltd, 2007 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_S._Reinert

Educational Implications for Heideggers Views On Poetry...

Educational Implications for Heideggers Views On Poetry And Thinking ABSTRACT: I discuss some of the educational implications emerging from Heideggers views on poetry, thinking, and language. Specifically, Heideggers views on the neighborhood between poetry and thinking suggest that most accepted methods of teaching poetry are in error, because they ignore this neighboring relation. The importance of this relation is presented and clarified. I then discuss the implications of Heideggers view for teaching poetry. Heideggers series of three lectures, later published as The Nature of Language has some very significant implications for education. (1) In this paper I focus on the second lecture. In opening his second lecture,†¦show more content†¦Thinking about language means entering a region where method does not reign. It means following a specific path in that region. But in thinking about the nature of language we encounter specific problems. When we speak of the nature of language, we are already using language to discuss its nature. Further more, we are already acquainted with the nature of language as people who use it, even if we cannot clearly articulate and define this nature. In short, we are entangled in a lagging behind the topic of our inquiry. There is a way out of our predicament. If we look around the region of thought, without taking the entanglement lightly, we will note that what Heidegger calls the country of thinking is open in all directions to the neighborhood of poetry. Thus, today, when scientific method tends to suffocate thinking, we can return to thinking through reading and listening to poetry. To be specific, the fact that the country of thinking is open in all directions to the neighborhood of poetry, can often help a person follow those paths of thinking that concern him or her. How? Quite often if you read and listen to great poetry -- with an openness to the language and to the thoughts and experiences expressed in the poem, and with a comportment to think about what you heard, with care for the world, and

The Enron Scandal Of The United States - 1855 Words

The Enron Scandal is still viewed today as one of the largest corporate bankruptcies in history. The greed that spilled throughout the organization started with gradual disregard for basic accounting principles. Initiated by small discrepancies in the company financial system became extreme financial crimes that left many without jobs and many investors penniless. The Enron scandal led to legislation that tightened restrictions on accounting practices in the U.S. requiring more strict compliance with GAAP. Kenneth Lay founded Enron Corporation in 1985. This new energy company was the result of a merger between the natural gas pipeline companies Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth. Throughout the 1990s the company was viewed as a†¦show more content†¦The internal practices continued in large measure because of improper auditing from accounting firm Arthur Andersen. David B. Duncan, the leading audit partner to Enron, overturned many accounting concerns in the late 1990s such as fake transactions to hide debt and misrepresentation of earnings on financial statements. Enron earned its profits by providing services like wholesale trading and overseeing energy facilities. They adopted the ‘merchant’ model of accounting instead of the ‘agent’ model. Enron was not taking the risk of buying and selling contracts nor were they earning the entire value of these contracts. Enron merely collected a brokerage fee for handling the transaction. However, by using the ‘merchant’ model over the ‘agent’ model, they were able to report the entire value of the contracts they were a part of as earnings. This led to grossly overstated revenues on their balance sheet of over 600 million from 1997 to 2000. To keep up with this bubble of revenue, Enron had to continue to mark up its earnings to outperform past results in order to move their stock price upwards. In 1990, Jeffery Skilling joined Enron and was involved in managem ent. He later became President and COO and by 1997 the only one above him was the founder, Kenneth Lay. Skilling insisted on the trading business using ‘Mark-to-Market’ accounting for their long-term contracts insteadShow MoreRelatedEnron Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Causes and Effects of the Enron Accounting Scandals Name: Do Minh Tam Class: MEP 100 Lecture: Karen Bird Date: December 24, 2010 Introduction Background From the 1980s until now, there have been a lot of accounting scandals which were widely announced on by media. The result of this situation is many companies were bankruptcy protection requests, and closing. One of the most widely reported emulation of accounting scandals is Enron Company. Enron Corporation is one of the largestRead MoreJaclyn Givens. Kathy Osburn. Management 101. 5/8/17. 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The total debt amounted to over $ 16 billion, which was the largest corporate bankruptcy in American history. Shareholders lost 60 billion dollars within a few days, 4500 employees lost their jobs, and the employees lost billions in pension benefits. I had never heard the name of Enron nor Enron’s scand al until I watched a film, â€Å"Enron: The Smartest Guys in The Room,† but I realized the Enron scandal affected the whole of the business in the United States. What were the causes

Literary Analysis Of Animal Farm - 1614 Words

When reading something new, we at times feel as if this is a story we’ve read before. Memory of past texts can strengthen these feelings as we identify repeating themes and motifs. Symbolism can push a reader deeper into the story by forcing one to see beyond the surface words and to truly understand the writer and their intentions. Understanding the patterns of writers can allow the reader to separate themselves from the text and examine it with a broader perspective. Recognizing these patterns in literary works can enable a reader to understand a dense text that they would ordinarily find troubling. George Orwell’s Animal Farm is an emblematic novel that reflects the events leading to the Russian Revolution, on the surface level.†¦show more content†¦But, we also must address the underlying cause of the whole story-the fuku. The fuku is considered the main cause of all the challenges and trials that Oscar and everyone in his family must face with. This fuku t hrows low self-esteem, anxiety with girls, and complete dorkiness at Oscar. The few women that do enter his life all come with catches and lead him to self-destruction. One could even see his suicide as one of the trials the fuku throws at him that he must overcome, instead of seeing it as an attempt by him to leave the quest early. Lastly, we come to the real reason to go there. Oscar doesn’t want self-confidence for himself. The entire time he is trying to feel love; to be good enough to compel a woman love him and to break this fuku. Driven to Santo Domingo in the end by his failure. Instead of living for himself and succeeding for the pure joy of succeeding, he does it for women. The only quality he had was his love for comics and anime, and he still used that to find that one girl; the one girl that would be into all the dorkiness that he is into. One of the meal scenes that stood out may not have been seen as a meal to others. Ybon and Oscar’s first meeting toget her. Ybon invites Oscar over for a drink and they end up talking for more than six hours. Or more accurately stated, Ybon talked for more than six hours and Oscar listened. Their relationship continues with them going on more dates, and as highlighted by theShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis : Animal Farm1050 Words   |  5 PagesLiterary Analysis Mollie In Animal Farm there are many controversial figures who also have interesting connections to the Russian revolution. Mollie is among these controversial members of the mythical animal run society. She has connections to the rich prissy people in Russia that when the revolution took place who immediately looked for an easy way out as soon as they had to do work to earn their due. In Orwell’s Animal Farm Mollie is vain, selfish, and did not care about the revolution leavingRead MoreAnimal Farm Literary Analysis710 Words   |  3 PagesGeorge Orwell, a writer of many novels and other literature, one of his most known is Animal Farm.This book is where Orwell’s political style as well as other techniques he used in his writing were used most. Animal Farm is about farm animals who are being neglected by their owner, and they decides to overthrow him and take control of their farm. However, that is only the the outer layer of the story, looking under the surface, this is an allegory detailing the Russian Revolution. The author wroteRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Animal Farm By George Orwell1310 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary Analysis of Animal Farm Although they claimed the farm to be a utopia, the pigs secretly were deceiving their fellow animals and turning the farm into a dystopia. In George Orwell s Animal Farm all of the animals are mistreated by Farmer Jones, but they wish to be treated as equals and live in a utopia so they rebel and take over the farm. The animals first write commandments to avoid chaos, but the leader pigs selfishly modify the commandments in their favor. In the end, the farm isRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Animal Farm By George Orwell1460 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary Analysis of Animal Farm A quote from Wayne Dyer, a late American author and motivational speaker, says that â€Å"[f]reedom means you are unobstructed in living your life as you choose. Anything less is a form of slavery.† This promotes the idea that ultimate freedom to control one’s life is the only way to live. One way to achieve this freedom, if not given, is to stage a revolution against authority. 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In both of these novels the characters struggle to gain their freedom from the restrictions society placed on them. Freedom is only attained when it is fought for as shown in â€Å"I Have a Dream†, Fahrenheit 451, and Animal Farm. In the novel, Fahrenheit 451, Montag struggles for freedom despite societys restrictions. This is demonstratedRead MoreAnimals Take Over in Animal Farm by George Orwell1370 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel â€Å"Animal Farm† by George Orwell, the animals take over the farm and develop their own independent society. Just as it happened during the Russian Revolution of 1917. George Orwell underlies the tension between the oppressed and the exploiting classes between the condescending ideals and harsh realities of socialism. 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A motion picture of the novel was later produced on the 29th of December 1954 by director Joy Bachelor. There are many differences and similarities between the novel and film involving the use of characters, symbolism, themes, dialogue and events. Animal farm was a successful novel as the length was 112 pages, therefore the movieRead MoreComparision of The Chrysalids and Animal Farm Essay2185 Words   |  9 PagesChrysalids and Animal Farm, which will be compared and contrasted in the following essay, demonstrating the fact that they both target the general audience and not one particular group of readers. The comparison between both novels will be done via the contrast of specific literary elements such as the plot and the moods of the novels, the point of view of the narration and the style of the author, and also via the themes the authors try to convey to their audience through their literary work. It

Pearl (486 words) Essay Example For Students

Pearl (486 words) Essay PearlIn John Steinbecks The Pearl, a poor yet humble pearl diver by the name of Kinofinds a giant pearl with which he hopes to buy peace and happiness for hisfamily and an education for his son, Coyotito. Instead, he learns that thevaluable Pearl of the World can not buy happiness but only destroy his simple,yet content, life. As soon as Kinos son, Coyotito, is bitten by a deadlyscorpion, Juana, the mother of Coyotito, naturally turns towards the spiritualaspects of life by praying for her sons endangered life. Knowing that the biteis extremely deadly, they take Coyotito to the doctor, be he refuses to assistthe child because of the familys financial status so the family now turns tothe sea to seek their fortune. When Juana set sight on the Pearl of theWorld, she felt as though all her prayers had been answered. News spreadsquickly that Kino has found the immense pearl and as soon as the doctor hears ofthe newfound wealth, he rushes to the aid of Coyotito. After this, the pearlbrings nothing but trouble once the pearl buyers try to cheat him for the pearl. Kino is also attacked for the pearl and in one of the fights, he kills a man. Hethen flees with his family to the city where three men hunt them down. In aneffort to escape, Kino attacks the men but not before they fire a shot into themountains and mortally wound Coyotito. After the sudden death, Kino and Juanahead back to the village where they heave the evil pearl into the ocean and hopethat its burdens are never bestowed on any person again. Throughout ThePearl, Kinos character is indirectly revealed by his actions and thoughts. Inthe beginning of the story, he appears to be a very hardworking man and also aman of good morals. He showed these qualities by simply supporting his familyand working hard everyday diving for pearls. But after finding the Pearl of theWorld, Kino slowly began to change. Without knowing it, Kino was beginning toconsider the pearl more important than his family. He did anything to keep it,even endangering his family. When he was being tracked down, he could havehanded over the pearl to the trackers and saved his family, but instead he justcontinued running and all he has to show for it is Coyotitos death. Becauseof this, Kino would also be considered greedy by the end of the story. The themeof The Pearl teaches us not to let wealth or even fame change who we are or theway we act. No matter what, we are always the same people on the inside and noteven a million dollars should make a difference. In the story, Kino was not thisstrong and he just didnt know when to stop running. If he would have justtaken the first offer he got for the pearl, he would have been a much happierman and he would still have his entire family.

The Electoral College Essays (199 words) - Electoral College

The Electoral College The History of the Electoral College The electoral college was developed by the framers of the constitution. This proved to be more difficult than they anticipated. The founding fathers faced the difficult question of how to elect a president in a nation that: was composed of thirteen large and small states, contained only 4,000,000 people spread up and down the Atlantic seaboard barely connected by transportaion so national campag They were not willing to give the choice of president to the average citizen. Instead, they divised a group of select citizens called electors-the Electoral College-should decide the president. Candidate that received the highest number of votes would become president. The one with the next highest votes would become vice president. In 1800 when Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson reviced the same number of electoral votes the system had to be changed. Each elector was now to vote for one person for president and one person for vice president The text of your term paper begins here. The sample footnotes are written in the Modern Language Association (MLA) style. Make sure that you use the footnote and bibliography style preferred by your instructor, and that both types of reference use the same style guidelines. Government Essays